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Cross cultural research has made a number of contributions to social thought and has a number of limitations that suggest directions for future work. Understanding the current state and potential future of the field requires understanding how the history of culture analysis has shaped what we as scholars do and what our audience hears. That sort of understanding influences the significance of establishing a Hofstede Chair in Cultural Diversity at Maastricht University as well as influencing the purposes for which the chair should be used.

Analyses of the events that occur in the context of organization process are rapidly advancing. Scholars holding otherwise disparate views share the sense that social actors, including organizations, attend to, interpret, and act upon events. Analyses of events are converging from two theoretical and methodological starting points. Analyses that emphasize human subjectivity and contextual specificity are seeking increased cross-situational learning. Nomothetic analyses are building on their strength in cross-situational learning by striving to represent the way subjects themselves construct events in relation to context. Rather than continuing to analyze classic organizational and environmental dimensions like formalization, general uncertainty, munificence, and stability, scholars are increasingly analyzing the qualities of events and the meanings they are given. They are treating events as elements that social actors abstract from social processes, and social actors as parties who interact to give events meaning. The present paper defines event analyzes its origins and current uses, and indicates how using and going beyond lessons from physics can promote organization studies. These lessons come from the analysis of physical events as particles in relation to waves, fields, and perspectives. The uniquely social element of potential takes us beyond the experience of physical science.

Entrepreneurs develop and use motives, abilities, and resources to benefit from an environment conducive to entrepreneurship. The present study builds upon analyses of the Cuban enclave in South Florida to analyze the motives, abilities, and resources that this community's most successful entrepreneurs brought and developed in the U.S. Their motives were influenced by family-linked aspirations and role models, need to achieve through business ownership, and by personally and situationally-rooted propensity to accept the risk of entrepreneurial action. Entrepreneurial abilities came through family mentors, education and business experience, and, in some cases, English language skills. Entrepreneurial resources included resources brought from Cuba, but more significantly resources developed personally in the U.S., or arranged through partners and social contracting. Implications for entrepreneurship research and for prospective entrepreneurs are considered.

Questionnaire items were designed to measure subordinates' per ceptions of their superior's response to particular aspects of their subordinates and the work situation. Some of the items focus on actions that subordinates are likely to view as generally inappro priate. Others concern actions that are likely to be viewed as con structive under some conditions, but dysfunctional under others. The items were included in cross-sectional field studies of sanita tion workers, teachers, and stewards of a service industry union. The items are found to have similar statistical properties to tradi tionally designed items. Their association with other leadership items and with attitudinal criteria indicate that some reflect dif ferent aspects of leadership than do traditionally phrased items. Others overlap empirically with established measures, but con tribute to an understanding of the phenomenology of leader behav ior as seen by subordinates.

Quantitative societal culture research (QSCR) in organization studies crystallizes a configuration of social science perspectives and methods that became prominent in the 1970s. We consider the qualities of and boundaries around cultural groups that this tradition emphasizes, and other characteristics of cultural groups that it does not emphasize. Current debates surrounding this tradition reflect both recent social science innovations and rediscoveries of early social science perspectives. Our analysis of quantitative cross-cultural societal research in organization studies considers this process of crystallization, innovation and rediscovery. We suggest ways to address current controversies and promote conversations with other research approaches.

Twenty-four of the most successful Cuban-born business founders in Dade County (Miami) Florida responded to a semi-structured interview. The sociology of enclave development provides the context for understanding the development of the larger Cuban-owned businesses in Dade County. The results indicate the sources of power upon which the entrepreneurs were able to draw, particularly their motivation and ability to use various forms of "Latin connections" with respect to suppliers, employees, and markets. The development of this enclave supporting entrepreneurial initiatives has implications for the potential for entrepreneurship in various communities in the post-Soviet world.